a very preliminary review of destruction, trafficking and politics of heritage in social media of Russian trolls

troll factories: the Internet Research Agency and state-sponsored agenda building

Identified members of a Russian state-linked propaganda outlet, the Internet Research Agency (IRA), are being prosecuted for participating in ‘a sophisticated and coordinated campaign to sow disinformation and discord into American politics via social media’, ‘interfering in American electoral and political processes’. Journalist Jim Galloway has captured the logic of much of the activity: ‘let’s you and him fight’.

A professor of communication studies, Darren Linvill, and a professor of economics, Patrick Warren, collected 2,973,371 tweets under 2,848 handles that are associated with the IRA. This sample encompassed all of the tweets under 946 handles between 19th June 2015 to 31st December 2017, all of the tweets under 2,752 handles between 10th May 2015 and 31st December 2017, plus some tweets under some handles between February 2012 and May 2018.

They are in the process of publishing an article on troll factories: the Internet Research Agency and state-sponsored agenda building. They have shared their research with data journalist Oliver Roeder at FiveThirtyEight. 538 has archived their database on GitHub. Their work has already been augmented and expanded by citizen science. Searchable webpages have been created by programmer Simon Willison @simonw and computational biologist Fabio Pardi. (I do not yet know why, but more results appear in Willison’s Datasette.)

This is an attempt to document the targets and assess the scale of heritage propaganda by Russian trolls. It finds trolling about illicit trafficking of cultural objects, violent destruction of cultural property, political violence at heritage sites and political exploitation of cultural property from the United States, to Ukraine, to Syria and beyond.

notes

exploitation of innocent sources

Sometimes, trolls retweet propaganda from other trolls. Sometimes, they retweet sincere statements from authentic accounts, such as ‘All those anxious about the #StonehengeTunnel, & looking for a professional archaeologist’s perspective, please do follow @preshitorian’, by historian Tom Holland @holland_tom. So, the presence of an account’s handle and/or content within the trolls’ content does not necessarily indicate any association with the troll factory.

text

If the text appears to be nonsense (such as a string of symbols), it is in a language with a non-Latin script (such as Russian), which has been broken during the conversion of the material (although I have managed to recover Russian-language texts with the Universal Cyrillic Decoder). This has since been fixed by software architect Martijn Pieter.

links

I have deleted all of the links in the (re)tweets that are archived here. They are present in the unedited data, but they may be malicious.

content warning

The trolls’ tweeted content has been designed as propaganda. Others’ retweeted content has been appropriated for propaganda. There is offensive content. For the avoidance of doubt, I reject any and all of the absurd or offensive claims.

method

handiwork

I did the work by hand. I searched each of the files for all of the keywords or their roots, such as “antiq” for “antiques” and “antiquities”, with CTRL+F.

multilingual propaganda

This cache includes relevant material in multiple languages. I have not trawled through the cache for non-English-language material, but it appears to include mentions of French-language musée and patrimoine, German-language Museum and Erbe, Italian-language museo and patrimonio… Unfortunately, conversion of the content corrupted the display of material in Russian (and potentially other languages), but heritage appears to be addressed in all of the languages that are used. [The problem with display has since been Universal Cyrillic Decoder). This has since been fixed by software architect Martijn Pieter.]

For instance, German-language content discussed ‘Hitler antiquities: police discover hidden Nazi collection in Buenos Aires [Hitler-AntiquitÃ¤ten: Polizei entdeckt versteckte Nazi-Sammlung in Buenos Aires]’, ‘burglary in the police station: thieves steal antiquities from showcases [Einbruch im PolizeiprÃ¤sidium: Diebe stehlen AntiquitÃ¤ten aus Vitrinen]’ and (notably frequently) ‘robbery at Bode Museum: 100-kilo gold coin stolen [Raub im Bode-Museum: 100-Kilo-GoldmÃ¼nze gestohlen]’. Italian-language content relayed ‘Roma, Bergamo: “Museums and archaeological sites ought to be free. No to a ticket for the Pantheon.” [Roma, Bergamo: “Vorrei musei e siti archeologici gratuiti. No a biglietto per il Pantheon”]’.

consistency in identification and selection of evidence

For the sake of consistency in identification, coherence in collection and confidence in interpretation, I have limited this preliminary review to English-language searches for: ancient; [antiquarian/antiquarians,] antique/antiques or antiquity/antiquities; archaeology and its variants; artefact(s) or artifact(s); excavation, looting, pillage, plunder, smuggling and their variants; demolition and its variants; museum(s); and relic(s).

In spite of care, inevitably, there will have been some inconsistency in the selection of “sufficiently relevant”, “significant” content.

constrictions on identification of evidence

It was not feasible to manually process the innumerable results for “monument(s)”, which (significantly, yet not exclusively) reflect Russian intervention in the American discussion of negative heritage, such as monuments to advocates of slavery.

It was not feasible to scan for minimal, common sets of letters, such as “art” or “rob”, or generic terms, such as “burgle”, “damage”, “destroy”, “historic(al)”, “rob”, “steal”, “thieve” or “traffic”. Obviously, this prevented the collection of significant content that did not contain other searched keywords, such as ‘#acapa BREAKING : Left-Wing Rioters Destroy Confederate Statue in Durham’. Others were only found incidentally, such as ‘â•ï¸ #Mosul: #Iraq/i troops find #Assyrian treasures in network of #Isis tunnels’.

Although the searches were completed, even relevant results for “loot” were crowded out with racist propaganda that sought to incite hatred in the United States.

It was also not feasible to account for deliberate or accidental misspellings of keywords, such as “antiquities” in ‘IS Looting Atiquities on Industrial Scale’ (which was identified in searches for “looting”).

Likewise, it was not feasible to document content on natural heritage crime and other environmental matters, from ‘Push to save African elephants stirs U.S. clash over antique ivory trade #environment’ to ‘South China Sea ruling won’t stop plundering of ecosystem, experts say #environment’, as well as illicit trade in related commodities, such as ‘Afghanistan aims to choke Taliban smuggling funds with gemstone bourse #world #news’.

While the violent or otherwise political destruction of “community property” as well as “cultural property” was covered, it was not feasible to cover demolition for gentrification, such as ‘Moscow’s aggressive propaganda for its housing demolition program may backfire, writes @dashalitvinovv #russia’. 9/11 conspiracy theories were not considered.

the significance of insignificant content

Although this very preliminary review is extensive in its collation of potentially relevant tweets, it is not exhaustive. So, it does not include tangential posts, such as ‘Demolition starts at Pablo Escobar’s Miami Beach mansion #story’ (which is related, because Escobar laundered money from drug crime with cultural goods, including possibly looted pre-Columbian antiquities).

It does not include generic posts, either, such as “#ItalyEarthquake The ancient clock tower in town of Amatrice stopped working just after 3:30am, the exact moment the earthquake hit (CBS)”. It tries to select ones that address destruction of cultural property, trafficking of cultural objects and/or the politics of cultural heritage.

Some generic posts may suggest the target audience (or show a way of obscuring key content) for the trolls, such as “Something Is Heating Up Inside Egyptâ€™s Ancient Pyramids And Scientists Canâ€™t Explain It”.

statistics

For one reason or another, browser searches did not recognise certain repeated texts, so there may be a few duplicates within categories. Plus, a few texts contain more than one keyword (such as “ancient” and “antiquities”), so they appear in more than one category. In theory, the minimum numbers of significant tweets for all keywords cannot be combined to establish a total minimum.

At the same time, I have only included each text once in each category, even though many have been tweeted or retweeted by multiple trolls. In practice, the scale of attention to heritage is higher than it appears.

very preliminary findings

an indication of the potential intensity of targeting of heritage

A partially-collected, eventually-abandoned list of (re)tweets on “monument(s)” was attempted. (fn1) There were around 113 instances in the first 132,535 lines of 381,017 tweets in file 1. So, there may be around 325 instances in file 1; based on their frequency in this sample, there may be around 2,535 instances in total. [According to Simon Willison’s Datasette, there are 744 instances of monument and 638 instances of monuments, so 1,382 instances in total, including significant content and background content.]

Estimation of scale is somewhat difficult, as the contents are split across the files in alphabetical order of handle (beginning with usernames that begin with a zero in file 1, ending with usernames that begin with an underscore in file 9), so the contents for various campaigns are not evenly distributed across the files.

Non-English-language content has not been excluded from any files. As Linvill and Warren have calculated, out of the total of 2,973,371 tweets under 2,848 handles, 828,219 tweets under 1,472 handles were ‘predominantly in a language other than English’.

Furthermore, 1,034 handles did not tweet during the sample period.

So, the final predominantly English-language sample comprises 1,875,029 tweets under 1,311 handles. ~~Significant content on monuments alone may constitute around 0.1352 per cent of the total.~~ [Altogether, pieces of significant and background content on monuments constitute 0.0737 per cent of the total. However, this appears to be an entirely inadequate measure of the intensity of targeting. (fn3)]

a niche

Clearly, it is a niche target, rather than the main target, of this online propaganda. ~~Still, based on the frequency of other keywords, I had earlier guesstimated that (re)tweets on destruction, trafficking and politics might constitute 0.1 per cent in total.~~

In fact, with regard to significant (re)tweets, there were at least 158 on “ancient” matters; 43 on [antiquarians,] antiques or antiquities; 32 on archaeology and its variants; 45 on artefacts or artifacts; 69 on excavation, looting, pillage, plunder, smuggling and their variants; 63 on demolition and its variants; 305 on museums; and 10 on relics. In total, then, there were at least 725 pieces of significant content on the destruction, trafficking and politics of heritage – 0.0387 per cent of the total.

This is a tiny fraction. Yet, as noted, it excludes (re)tweets on “art”, “burgling”, “damaging”, “destroying”, “historic”, “monuments”, “robbing”, “stealing”, “thieving” or “trafficking” and their variants. Furthermore, it excludes the types of cultural objects that are at risk, such as statues, ceramics, coins…

These “significant” (re)tweets are on top of the much larger number of “background” (re)tweets on “everyday” aspects of cultural heritage, which include several tweets on metal-detecting, treasure-hunting and their variants. (fn2) I still do not expect all of the significant and background (re)tweets to constitute much more than 1 per cent of the total. Nonetheless, they indicate that heritage is targeted by Russian trolls.

[As I concluded (fn3), and as was more reliably judged by computer security specialist Dave Aitel (@daveaitel), there is ‘surprisingly little in this dataset on Syria [and Crimea in Ukraine], a common Russian topic with other bot networks’, which suggests that there is ‘a bit of selection bias with the original account set’. In other words, any statistics would be at least unreliable, if not misleading. Again, the evidence still demonstrates the targeting of heritage.]

caution in interpretation

Was the material on the destruction, trafficking and politics of heritage collected or produced as background content for other targets? Were apparent trends in trolls’ content actually products of my search criteria and/or the public’s concerns?

It is natural that the trolls are targeting significant issues. It would be nonsensical for them to try to influence public debate and government policy by targeting insignificant issues. So, it may be impossible to distinguish between “natural” attention in public discussion, artificial attention from Russian agents and accidental spotlighting by niche research.

Undoubtedly, my search criteria and the public’s concerns have some effect. For example, the content on “ancient” matters is far more diverse than the content on “monument(s)”. Nonetheless, amongst other things, the trolls’ usernames and their handwritten tweets’ content indicate targeting of pressure points to advance Russia’s interests, such as Black Lives Matter and civil rights in the United States.

confidence in interpretation

For instance, one left troll handle, @BLACKMATTERSUS, produced content such as ‘Historic circular advertising slave sale. Now in in a slave cabin museum at Boone Hall. #BlackMatters’. This unambiguous handle and its unambiguous content demonstrate that African-American history and museum education are targets. There were at least 305 pieces of strikingly significant content on museums, hundreds of pieces of inevitably significant content (like practically and and all discussion of museum education in relation to African-American history) and thousands of pieces of background content.

These (re)tweets also reaffirm that the measures of significant content are minimal, as all museums are somewhat political and any museum of the African-American experience is strikingly political. This subject is being exploited by the troll army for that reason. Yet “typical” statements in social media were excluded.

Other tweets may suggest the writing process. For example, one tweet – ‘Foke Two Van Gogh paintings stolen in 2002 from a Dutch museum are recovered by Italian anti-Mafia police #Foke’ – twice used the term “foke”. It is a portmanteau of “fake” or “faux” and “woke” (awake to racial justice and other forms of social justice), which characterises someone who is not genuinely awake to such matters, someone who pretends to be concerned with social justice or to realise that concern in the conduct of their daily lives. It does not make sense in this context.

In this case, newsfeed troll @DARKNALLY (where “nally” may be vulgar slang for female genitals) wrote ‘Foke’ at the start and ‘#Foke’ at the end of the overwhelming majority of 2,451 tweets, which addressed a wide range of subjects. Were they trying to disrupt the use of that primarily African-American term or to push content to a primarily African-American audience? As can be seen in the content below, some trolls added irrelevant or even nonsensical hashtags. Were they trying to trick spam-filtering algorithms, by mimicking the use of hashtags in normal writing, in order to push their content?

Regardless, it is undeniable that there is artificial attention and it is reasonable to assume that heritage matters are as carefully targeted as other matters. Indeed, it is unreasonable to assume that heritage matters are less carefully targeted than other matters. Many of the identified tweets did not include significant terms other than the heritage keywords. If they were mere background content, it would be difficult to understand why the trolls made the effort to collect or produce content with relatively obscure terms such as “antiquities” or “artefacts”.

It would seem to be a striking coincidence, if the authors of content in different languages randomly chose the same keywords. Indeed, they sometimes produced identical tweets in multiple languages, such as ‘MG08 on the minaret of the Ayasofya Museum, 1941’ under @MATEVIDENCE and ‘MG08 auf dem Minarett der Ayasofya Museum 1941’ under @MATEVIDENCEDEU.

It would be a remarkable coincidence, if the carelessly targeted content incidentally addressed subjects that were useful in Russia’s propaganda, from the toppling of monuments in the United States, to the handling of stolen cultural goods from a museum in the Netherlands by paramilitaries in Ukraine, to the destruction of ancient sites by the Islamic State in Syria. In fact, at least one of the left trolls, @KANIJJACKSON, specifically and repeatedly used #CivilRightsMuseum.

troll factories: the Internet Research Agency and state-sponsored heritage agenda-building

troll factories

According to the categorisations by Linvill and Warren, “right trolls” posed as right-wing nationalists who typically promoted Donald Trump-style Republican politics; “left trolls” posed as left-wing liberals who typically promoted Bernie Sanders-style Democratic politics, primarily identity politics, whether racial identity, religious identity, or gender/sexual identity. Data scientist Joshua Loftus and computer security specialist Dave Aitel have observed that some of the commentary within those tides of thought went against the flow.

Meanwhile, “newsfeeds” posed as news aggregators, typically ones who shared American news from professional journalistic sources, occasionally ones who shared international news from Russia-linked sources, such as the Assad regime’s Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) and the Russian government’s Russia Today (RT); “hashtag gamers” played – and politicised – Twitter community games with hashtags. Likewise, as summarised by online communication specialist David Puente, the Italian-language handles pushed populist content that was aligned with the somewhat left-wing Five Star Movement or the far right-wing League. (A few pushed so little content or such ambiguous content that they were difficult to categorise. A few were miscategorised.)

There also appear to have been “fearmongers”, who ‘spread news of a [specific] fabricated crisis event’, but they may simply have been abandoned before their users could reinvent them as a different identity, their apparent existence may be an accidental product of changes in handles (or computer tracking of those changes). Anyway, the event was not related to heritage.

Otherwise, right trolls, left trolls and newsfeeds pushed significant content on heritage. Even hashtag-gamers pushed at least some significant content on heritage, in relation to the representation of the ancient world – and racial claims to descent from ancient cultures – in modern culture.

heritage agenda-building

I recognise some of the content because it exploits the same sources of evidence that I do, such as ‘Looted in Syria – and sold in London’ by Rachel Shabi, which presents an undercover investigation by Mark Altaweel; ‘Dartmouth led study shows ISIS is not the only culprit in war-related looting in Syria’ by Dartmouth University, which summarises satellite imagery-based analysis of archaeological looting in Syria by Jesse Casana; ‘Scholars across the globe have joined forces to save Syrian antiquities.’ by the University of Melbourne, which publicises the efforts of Shirin International; ‘Two Van Gogh paintings stolen in 2002 from a Dutch museum are recovered by Italian anti-Mafia police‘ by the Associated Press (AP), which highlights a case that has been deeply reported by the Association for Research into Crimes against Art (ARCA); and ‘ISIS Is Selling Syria’s Antiquities to the West’ by George Brown, which publicises the investigative journalism of Benoit Fauçon and Georgi Kantchev.

It also exploits information-sharing and public engagement, such as the Ask Me Anything (AMA) session on Reddit by Holocaust-looted art recovery expert Randy Schoenberg, about how ‘You collect a few interesting stories when you recovered Nazi-looted art for a living’, and the tweet by historian Tom Holland about archaeologist Rachel Pope, with which I demonstrated the exploitation of innocent sources. Based on the visibility of the phrases in some of the pushed content, it seems that the trolls may be using services for keyword alerts and content feeds to queue up and send out some of the material.

And I recognise some of the offline propaganda that I have been fact-checking and fighting, such as variations on the claim that ‘Islamic State nets up to $200 million a year from antiquities: Russia’, which I have been tracking and teaching for more than three years now, since the original claim that the Islamic State was ‘pocket[ing] $100 million‘, which was made by an official of Iraq.

Amongst other matters (and without any order), the propaganda covers:

illicit trafficking of cultural objects from Algeria, Cambodia, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Egypt, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, India, Iraq, Israel-Palestine, Italy, Myanmar/Burma, the Netherlands, Syria and the United States, including restitution of Holocaust-looted art and other antiquities;
violent destruction of cultural property in Brazil, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Mali, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Ukraine and the United States;
political violence at heritage sites in Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Iraq, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine and the United States;
political exploitation of cultural property in violence and propaganda, such as displacement and occupation in Israel-Palestine and Ukraine; and
cultural heritage as evidence in arguments for or against ethnic and religious nationalism; creationism and evolution; racism, nationalism, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, sexism and homophobia.

It is notable that the ‘small number’ of newsfeed trolls who covered ‘global issues, often with a pro-Russia perspective’, were responsible for a large amount of the content on violent destruction of cultural property and political violence at heritage sites in Syria, such as the conquest of Palmyra by the Islamic State and the “liberation” of Palmyra by the Assad regime and the Russian Federation. Other English-language content on violent destruction in Ukraine and illicit trafficking by armed groups in Ukraine was pushed by uncategorised, predominantly non-English-language trolls.

For instance, ‘Lugansk’s Museum of History and Culture – destroyed by Ukrainian shelling, restored by #Lugansk People’s Republic.’ was tweeted by self-proclaimed “independent UK journo” Graham Phillips (@GrahamWP_UK), who is an ‘information soldier‘ for the Russian cause, who has worked for a media channel of the Russian Ministry of Defence (Zvezda) and Russia Today (RT), then retweeted by a troll @MARGOSAVAZH.

‘Dva khrama Moskovskovo patriarkhata bili podozhzheni i ogrableni v Rovenskoi oblasti Ukraini [Два храма Московского патриархата были подожжены и ограблены в Ровенской области Украины]’ was originally reported by the Russian Social Movement (Russkoe Obshchestvennoe Dvizhenie [Русское Общественное Движение (РОД)] @rod_ru). Its translation, ‘Two churches adhering to Moscow Patriarchate were burned and pillaged overnight in Western Ukraine’, was tweeted by (the apparently authentic account of) musician Valentina Lisitsa (@ValLisitsa), then retweeted by a troll @SLEVIN_324.

‘Art stolen from Frisian Museum in 2005 foun in hands of Ukraine’s top extreme right politicians. Thanks @JefHorians’ was tweeted by @ValLisitsa, then retweeted by a troll @ALLAHOMORE. ‘PLEASE! RT and share! Urgent plea by the director of Westfries Museum to rescue stolen art’ was tweeted by @ValLisitsa, then retweeted by a troll @VIKAGOGOGO. ‘Ukrainian Nazi, accused of stolen art handling, mocks Westfries Museum director’s plea on his official Facebook page’ was tweeted by @ValLisitsa, then retweeted by a troll @PROFDYSTROPHIC. ‘Whose portraits are mockingly offered to Westfries Museum? Mr.Bandera. An introduction.’ was tweeted by @ValLisitsa, then retweeted by a troll @VIKAHOLIDAYS.

These findings complement ongoing research into the Russian trolls who were identified by the Syria Campaign, in their investigation into killing the truth: how Russia is fuelling a disinformation campaign to cover up war crimes in Syria; I am tracing a Turkey-focused strand of that propaganda network. On top of implicit or explicit indicators of an interest in heritage in the trolls’ accounts, there is discussion of the policing of cultural property crime. Altogether, these propaganda projects reaffirm that archaeology and other aspects of heritage are being used as weapons of information warfare in the New Cold War.

ancient

“When President Trump touched those ancient stones, he touched our hearts forever.” ~ @netanyahu Tell me again how Trump is Anti Semitic
I have heard of many accts of ancient migrations from N. Africa to what is now Ghana by ppl who fled south to avoid conversation to Islam.
Ancient palace revealed under destroyed Mosul shrine
Tuareg man of Libya. Tuareg are an ancient cultural & language group across #Africa — located in East, West & North.
Bronze Age: Ancient city discovered 45km from #ISIS territory in Iraq
An iraqi soldier standing in front of an ancient christian cemetery in Bartala (isis destroyed the tomb stones). #MosulOps
Slaughter in ancient Roman amphitheatre: ISIS child executioners brutally shoot dead 45 in front of bloodthirstyâ€¦
Freedom in capitalist society always remains about the same as it was in ancient Greek republics: Freedom for slave owners. ~Vladimir Lenin
Damascus is one of the most ancient cities in the world, and just a handful of years ago it remained one of the most beautiful cities. Gone
Among #AP10Things to Know: Suicide bomber targets ancient temple in Egypt; officer in pool party video resigns
BREAKING: Suicide bomber targets ancient Egyptian temple in Luxor, officials say
Scientists Were ‘Astonished’ to Find Bible Quotes on ‘Most Ancient Hebrew Scroll Since the Dead Sea Scrolls’: ..
Read how the first European explorers described the ancient Benin city (in Nigeria) – @tweetticator @HistoryHeroes
CNN: ISIS executes 262, as it takes ancient Syrian city of Palmyra, group says
âš¡ï¸ â€œISIS forced out of ancient city of Palmyra againâ€
Russian Orthodox icons (orthodoxy is the most ancient form of Christianity) show that Jesus is African. Europe whitewashed the true history
Skulls of the ancient Egyptians indicate they were Negroid pple w/ features very similar to those of modern Nubians & pple of East Africa
Looks like they are proclaiming that racism is an ancient tradition and they are going to stick to it ðŸ¤”
#BlackenAMovie GOD OF EGYPT please! This is the whitest movie about Ancient Egypt yet damn
Blacks are the #negus descendants of the ancient #Nuwaupian African astronauts. #blacktwitter #BlackLivesMatter
âž âž âž ISIS Holding Public Executions In Palmyraâ€™s Ancient Roman Theater â€“ BB4SP
‘Patriot Way’ aligned with ancient Greek philosophy
the ancient Israelite punishment for adultery (stoning). We need these laws again to stop all the cheating
Iraq says Islamic State has been driven from town near famed ancient ruins
U.S.-backed forces breach ancient wall of Islamic State’s self-proclaimed capital
Even today, there are Whites who refuse to believe that the ancient Egyptians, and other original civilizations as well, were Black people!
The African San people have been found to be the most ancient race in the world in a huge genetic study.
Privilege is saving confederacy statues because they’re ‘historic’ but bulldozing through ancient sacred sites & artifacts for pipelines.
Most of Palmyra’s ancient treasures appear to have survived Islamic State vandalism
JUST ME, OR DOES “REST IN PEACE” COME TO MIND? Archaeologists discover three ancient tombs in Egypt
Islamic State blows up ancient temple in Palmyra
UM museum returns ancient Egyptian stele
AMAZING ! #Jerusalem, Israel Archaeologists restore ancient tiles of #Jewish Second Temple complex in #Jerusalem
There is also hints of Homosexuality and deviant lifestyles in ancient Egypt,Asian,Persian cultures. Europe passed it into america.
Witness confirms IS destruction of ancient temple in Syria
Syrian forces drive Islamic State from ancient Palmyra
‘From Na’arat, jars of wine, to Jerusalem’: Israel snubs #UNESCOâ€™s #TempleMount resolution w/ ancient papyrus
U.N. Agency Says Islamic States Destruction of Ancient Temple Is a War Crime
Isis releases pictures of ancient Palmyra temple destruction
An Ancient Temple in Palmyra Is Destroyed
ISIS Fighters Destroy 2000-Year-Old Temple in Ancient Ruins of Palmyra
Syria museums chief condemns blast of ancient temple in Palmyra
Islamic State militants blow up temple in ancient city of Palmyra
ISIL destroys ancient temple at Syrias Palmyra
Islamic State blows up ancient temple at Syrias Palmyra ruins
2,500-Year-Old Phoenician DNA Linked to Rare and Ancient European Ancestry
Fears rise in Egypt after ISIS attack near ancient monastery
Palestinian dilemma How to deny Jewish history while at the VERY SAME TIME to claim they are the ancient Jews
Fela Kuti on ancient Egyptian civilization belonging to blacks. Credit: 33.
Most famous Greek philosophers were initiated and educated by Ancient Afrikan Spiritual Scientists in Kemet (Ancient Egypt).
ISIS did not destroy the ancient Roman amphitheater in Palmyra! Saudis did! ISIS is only a tool! Today Palmyra, tomorrow Rome?!
Black people in ancient Rome were not discriminated against. They were not excluded from any profession and there was no stigma against mixed race relationships. Classical writers did not attach social status or degree of humanity to skin color. #BlackHistoryMonth
Syria’s ancient city of Aleppo open to tourists for the first time since 2012
Germany destroys its beautiful ancient churches to build ugly mosques that serve as training ground for jihadists. Why are you doing that, Germany? Why are you destroying your own culture?
Syrian forces recapture ancient city from Islamic State #news
Another one of the most ancient temple of Varun Dev is eroding in Karachi. Thank you Chacha of @INCIndia
Ancient Sun Temple of à¤®à¥‚à¤²à¤¸à¥à¤¥à¤¾à¤¨ , presently called as Multan, Pakistan
The Modern Destruction of Ancient Aleppo
Syria: UNESCO chief condemns destruction of Palmyras ancient temple
ISIS captured ancient Syrian town of Palmyra and is ruining it’s monuments and art pieces
Suicide bomber strikes near ancient temple in Luxor, Egypt
ISIS destroys ancient Muslim shrines in Palmyra
Seriously. This Japanese, Sudanese, Kenyan, Guatemalan, Egyptian, whatever ancient myth should not result in a white savior. Makes NO sense.
More good news from Palmyra – Syrian Army liberated 2 more points near the ancient aqueduct
‘@YouTube unfortunately this amazing ancient city is now in a mess bcz of what ISIS did there by support of the west’
Isis revels in its destruction of ancient Palmyra temple
The sun rises as large crowd of water protectors marches from camp towards DAPL construction encroaching on ancient burial sites. #NoDAPL
Ancient Babylon,Egypt & Rome were Signs Of America with Gods Ppl Trapped Inside Her Boarders!! #NOISundays #IndependenceMatters
#FossilFriday ICE-rescued ancient fossil on display at Carnegie Museum of Natural History
ISIS’ Destruction of Tomb of Jonah Uncovers Ancient Palace of Biblical King Sennacherib
Duterte emissary of Cthulhu–Lovecraft himself said Mindanao was ancient center of cult
‘@NatGeo 2 things break my heart into pieces. Animals, suffering from polution and ancient places, that destroyed,’
ISIS blows up ancient temple and vows to destroy Egypt’s pyramids Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ñ‰ÑŒÑŽ @YouTube
The #ISIS child killers have executed 25 Syrian government soldiers in the ancient Roman amphitheatre in the city of #Palmyra
‘@nytimesworld Ruin ancient things is almost as bad as killing people’
Frescoes stolen from ancient tomb go on display in Italy #life
Archaeologists vs. robbers in Israel’s race to find ancient scrolls #science
Archaeologists vs. robbers in Israel’s race to find ancient scrolls #environment
Myanmar soldiers, police seal off ancient temples damaged by quake #environment
Myanmar sends police, soldiers to protect ancient temples damaged in quake #environment
This man saved ancient Arabic manuscripts from terrorists
#Watch\| The stolen treasure of Palestine: the ancient city of #Jericho. A fruitful oasis and a rich island in a sea of sand. #FreePalestine
Islamic State militants blow up ancient Arch of Triumph in Palmyra #world #news
Syria air strikes target Islamic State in ancient Palmyra #world #news
Islamic State driven out of Syria’s ancient Palmyra city #world #news
Assad calls on U.N. to help restore ancient Palmyra #world #news
Syria’s ancient Palmyra has been demined: Russian military #world #news
#News #Terrorism Ancient Ruins at Palmyra Are Endangered by ISIS Advance in Syria (nytimes)
Islamic State destroys ancient shrines in Syria’s Palmyra city: AMMAN (Reuters) – Islamic State militants have blown up … #world #news
Islamic State militants blow up temple in ancient city of Palmyra #world #news
#News #Terrorism ISIS Blows Up Ancient Temple at Syriaâ€™s Palmyra Ruins (nytimes)
Islamic State shows images of ancient Syrian temple destruction #world #news
Two dead as land protest hits ancient Ethiopian city: activists #world #news
ICC arrests rebel accused of attacking ancient Timbuktu monuments #world #news
Islamic State militants blow up Palmyra’s ancient tower tombs: Syria’s antiquities chief #world #news
Syrian activists: IS group destroys ancient Palmyra arch #news
Tribes bury remains of ancient ancestor, also called Kennewick Man
Islamic State group defaces ancient Nimrud site in Iraq #news
Egypt explorers hunt gold in the desert, following ancients #local
Activists say IS damages ancient temple in Syriaâ€™s Palmyra #news
Islamic State militants blow up ancient Arch of Triumph in Palmyra #news
#WorldNews Ancient tablets displayed in Jerusalem fuel looting debate (Associated Press)
#WorldNews ISIS destroys ancient artifacts in Mosul (CBS News)
Syria air strikes target Islamic State in ancient Palmyra #news
Islamic State driven out of Syria’s ancient Palmyra city #news
#TopVideo Islamic State pushed from ancient Syrian city
Assad calls on U.N. to help restore ancient Palmyra #news
#TopVideo IS militants destroy ancient city in Iraq
#WorldVideo IS militants destroy ancient city in Iraq (Reuters)
#WorldNews ISIS bulldozes ancient palace (CBS News)
Syria’s ancient Palmyra has been demined: Russian military #news
Islamic State destroys ancient shrines in Syria’s Palmyra city: AMMAN (Reuters) – Islamic State militants have blown up two anc… #news
#TopVideo Ancient Syrian monuments destroyed
#TopVideo FBI returns ancient Mayan artifacts to Guatemala
Islamic State militants blow up temple in ancient city of Palmyra #news
#WorldNews Islamic State militants blow up temple in ancient city of Palmyra (reuters)
Islamic State shows images of ancient Syrian temple destruction #news
#TopVideo Islamic State destroys part of ancient Syrian temple
ICC arrests rebel accused of attacking ancient Timbuktu monuments #news
Islamic State militants blow up Palmyra’s ancient tower tombs: Syria’s antiquities chief #news
Syria’s ancient city of Aleppo open to tourists for the first time since 2012. Life is returning back to the city.
The most ‘peaceful’ thing that Muslims do is destroying ancient artifacts! #StopIslam #BanIslam #NeverHillary
The most ‘peaceful’ thing that Muslims do is destroying ancient artifacts!
#POTUS: “I came to the sacred and ancient land to reafirm the unbreakable bond between the US and Israel” #MondayMorning
Badge of Assyrian Christian militia fighting for their ancient villages in #Iraq
#ISIS and Kurdish Forces destroy ancient Biblical sites in battle for #Mosul
#Iraq \| Iraqi army says its soldiers have recaptured Nimrud, the site of an ancient Assyrian city
Syrian Army soldiers fended off #ISIS’s offensive on a military airport near the ancient city of #Palmyra in Eastern #Homs
#SAA has sent hundreds of fresh forces to the ancient city of Palmyra to repel ISIS’s attacks and take back the lands lost in recent days
‘@todayinsyria thus, they are making the ancient city hard to re-capture’
#Syria air strikes target #IslamicState in ancient #Palmyra
Specialists from #Russia’s International Mine Action Centre have touched down in #Syria to work in and around the ancient city of #Palmyra.
#Palmyra\| The first photo of destroyed part of the Roman Theatre in the ancient city after its recapturing
The first photo of destroyed part of the Roman Theatre in the ancient city of #Palmyra after its recapture
#SAA and its allied forces at the Western gates of the ancient city of #Palmyra
Drone footage of ancient #Palmyra
Ancient City of Palmyra, Syria
Ancient Plundered City Seen as Bridge to Peace
Iraqi Priest Rescues Ancient Manuscripts from IS Destruction
Replica of Ancient Palmyra Arch Unveiled in London
#Russian military \| #Syria (s) ancient #Palmyra has been demined
UNESCO: Ruins in Ancient Syrian City Still Authentic
#DeirEzzor \| #ISIS destroys ancient monuments in Al-Salihiyah
Russian Orchestra Plays at Ancient Syrian City of Palmyra
#Iraq \| Hatra stands tall: Ancient Iraqi city survives life as #ISIS base
Online Archive Documents Destruction of Ancient Sites
Palmyra’s ancient mummies destroyed, crushed under the wheels of #IS trucks for the sin of being older than Islam.
#ISIS destroyed almost half of an ancient city in #Syria
#Damascus \| Ancient temples of #Maaloula destroyed and looted by #ISIS are being restored in #Syria
#ISIS prepares for final battle: US troops 3 miles from site of ancient apocalypse prophecy
Smuggled piece of ancient sarcophagus returned to Greek officials
Looted ancient artifacts found in Midtown gallery, finally returned
‘@WarfareWW SAA establishes control over the outskirts of the ancient city of #Palmyra !WARNING! Graphic!’
‘@WarfareWW Army sappers are in the process of defusing dozens of bombs and mines planted inside the ancient site’
He’s already come for our oceans in CA, what next? Ancient redwood groves? If you knew me, you’d know my â¤ï¸for the ancient groves
A government of death is plundering our ancient Munduruku lands. Help us stop it
Brazil’s archaeologists join fight to preserve country’s ancient lands

[antiquarian/antiquarians,] antique/antiques or antiquity/antiquities

WATCH LIVE! I’m with @POTUS & @SecretaryZinke at the @Interior as the President signs the Antiquities Exec. Order:
Santa Rosa Police locate stolen antique car #news
Antiques store in Ohio is selling silk underwear allegedly owned by Hitler’s lover Eva Braun
President Trump is ending past overreach and abuse of the monument review process under the Antiquities Act that has closed off land to the public, while continuing to protect objects of significance. More:
Obama signs into law new restrictions on Syrian antiquities #politics
‘@DineshDSouza @realDonaldTrump Here in Utah, Natives like myself are fighting Federal OverReach by Obama’s Abuse of the Antiquities Act’
Scholars across the globe have joined forces to save Syrian antiquities
Pres. Trump signs executive order directing the Dept. of Interior to review the federal lands that were designated under the Antiquities Act
What makes me furious? Seeing men and women laugh with and applaud the abusive conduct and words of #Trump. #AntiquitiesAct @SierraClub
Stolen antique guns were from NRA exhibit that drew protests #news
Antique store worker returns stolen icon to Wichita church #news
“I’m never surprised by the 9th Circuit. As I said, we’ll see them in the Supreme Court,” Trump says at the end of antiquities bill signing.
#ISIS publicly beheads antiquities expert in Palmyra
#ISIS reportedly beheads antiquities scholar, 82, who oversaw Palmyra ruins
Islamic State nets up to $200 million a year from antiquities: Russia #world #news
Islamic State nets millions from antiquities: Russia #world #news
U.S. delivers Iraqi antiquities seized in raid on Islamic State #world #news
Iraq celebrates return of antiquities, appeals for world help #world #news
#News #Terrorism ISIS Accelerates Destruction of Antiquities in Syria (nytimes)
#TopNews Ex-CEO hid antiques sale money while owing SEC millions: U.S.
#TopNews FBI warns U.S. art dealers about antiquities looted from Syria, Iraq
Islamic State militants blow up Palmyra’s ancient tower tombs: Syria’s antiquities chief #world #news
Egypt opens exhibition of repatriated antiquities #local
Syrian antiquities chief says Turkey refuses to return looted art #news
#TopVideo Iraq to track down antiquities after Islamic State museum rampage
#WorldVideo Iraq to track down antiquities after Islamic State museum rampage (Reuters)
Islamic State nets up to $200 million a year from antiquities: Russia #news
Islamic State nets millions from antiquities: Russia #news
U.S. delivers Iraqi antiquities seized in raid on Islamic State #news
Iraq celebrates return of antiquities, appeals for world help #news
Islamic State militants blow up Palmyra’s ancient tower tombs: Syria’s antiquities chief #news
Raid on Worcester antiques shop nets drugs
Al-Jaafari: Governments involved in looting antiquities in Syria should be brought to justice
Israel Returns Smuggled Antiquities to Egypt
#ISIS is selling Syria’s antiquities to the West
How much money has #ISIS made selling antiquities? More than enough to fund its attacks
From #Syria and #Iraq via #Turkey, there is a $283M market for antiquities trafficking in the U.S. alone
Ex-firemen treasurer embezzled $5.7M to spend on antiques
Antique store owners plead guilty over hidden ivory
2 NYC antique dealers charged for selling $4.5M of elephant ivory
2 NYC antique dealers plead guilty for selling elephant ivory
Wedding rings, cash, antique pistol taken in burglary #local
Justice Department targets Islamic State antiquities trade

archaeology and its variants

The Archaeological Evidence for the Bible is Non-Existent!
Archaeological dig forces 25 East Jerusalem residents to evacuate homes: ‘Our home was ruined’
In 100 days since @AmericanAnthro rejected #Anthroboycott Israel intensified abuse of #archaeology for occupation
Archaeologists Making Discovery At Malcolm Xâ€™s Home In Boston #BlackMattersUS
Archaeologists digging at Malcolm X’s boyhood home in Boston #politics
Archaeologists: Looters posting pics of Native American artifacts
JUST ME, OR DOES “REST IN PEACE” COME TO MIND? Archaeologists discover three ancient tombs in Egypt
AMAZING ! #Jerusalem, Israel Archaeologists restore ancient tiles of #Jewish Second Temple complex in #Jerusalem
ISIS Beheads Elderly Archaeology Pioneer
A Desolate Place For A Defiant People The Archaeology Of Maroons Indigenous Americans Andâ€¦
#ISIS beheads prominent Syrian archaeologist Khaled Asaad, 82 in #Palmyra
Archaeologists digging at Malcolm Xâ€™s boyhood home in Boston #news
Palestinians >> No history No Archeology No Culture No Literature No Language Nothing. Absolutely nothing @HWL53 @funfun50 @benYishye
Justin Bieber kicked out of Mexican archaeological site for climbing on ruins #news
#Russia President Vladimir #Putin places a major archaeological site in #Crimea under federal control
All those anxious about the #StonehengeTunnel, & looking for a professional archaeologist’s perspective, please do follow @preshitorian
Archaeologists vs. robbers in Israel’s race to find ancient scrolls #science
Archaeologists vs. robbers in Israel’s race to find ancient scrolls #environment
Islamic State militants behead archaeologist in Palmyra: Syrian official #world #news
Archaeological dig set to resume at Malcolm X home in Boston #news
#WorldNews Archaeologists fighting to save what ISIS may destroy (CBS News)
Islamic State militants behead archaeologist in Palmyra: Syrian official #news
#TopVideo IS beheads Palmyra archaeologist: Syrian official
#Iraq \| #ISIS destroys, steals archaeological sites near Kirkuk
Al-Azem Palace in Hamaâ€¦ an archaeological and artistic masterpiece
Aerial photos for the #Russia\|n army camp. Inside the archaeological area in the city of #Palmyra #Syria
The politics and power of American archaeology
Brazil’s archaeologists join fight to preserve country’s ancient lands
#Iraq \| Nimrud archeological city after damage
Iranian official: Iran ready to participate in rehabilitation process of Palmyra archeological sites
Authorities recover five archeological artifacts stolen by ISIS from Palmyra Museum
Aerial pic for #Russia\|n mil. camp. North of archeological area(Camel racing track) in the city of #Palmyra #Syria

artefact(s) or artifact(s)

None of the 100k’s artefacts found in Israel point to a Palestinian past. They all say one thing: JEWS WERE HERE.
Why would #ISIS destroy artifacts? #RT #STOPIslam #BillWarnerPhD @PoliticalIslam #MakeDCListen #CSPI #BanSharia
Archaeologists: Looters posting pics of Native American artifacts
RT USAkidsFirst: Therefore, good Muslims destroy all structures, statues, or artifacts that offend them…. #soundâ€¦
Hidden trove of suspected Nazi artifacts found in Argentina
Hobby Lobby fined $3 million over smuggled Iraqi artifacts
Restaurant Owner Acquires Offbeat Artifact That May Link Him To WWII Figure
.@POTUS action in Utah — DOES NOT sell public lands wholesale, close parks, drill for oil in parks, leave tribal artifacts or fossils unprotected. DOES correct federal overreach, prioritize public access, facilitate infrastructure upgrades, protect hunting & fishing rights.
Privilege is saving confederacy statues because they’re ‘historic’ but bulldozing through ancient sacred sites & artifacts for pipelines.
Suspected Nazi artifacts found hidden in Argentina home
$2.5M Freedom Sculpture unveiled in Century City, honors Persian artifact
Hobby Lobby fined $3M for smuggling Iraq religious artifacts
Iraqi troops enter town where artefacts were destroyed
‘@RabidCharles @nationalpost I meant that artifacts are not the first problem cause ISIS destroies lives. Anyway they are savages’
Not the Onion: Hobby Lobby heads smuggled Iraqi artifacts as ’tile samples.’ Were they sponsoring ISIS, people ask
â€˜Trench of human fecesâ€™ found near Malheur artifacts after Oregon occupation #news
3,500 Stolen Artifacts Seized in Massive Sting Operation
â€˜To destroy sacrilegious artifactsâ€™: ISIS blows up Assyrian church in Nineveh, Iraq
Ex-mayor gets probation in Wild West museum artifacts case
‘This was real’: Artifacts save Holocaust stories for future
Islamic State selling artefacts on the black market
Israel says return of artefacts to Egypt shows relations warming #world #news
Israel says return of artefacts to Egypt shows relations warming #news
Police Catch 175 Looters in China’s Biggest Artifact Find
The Latest: Court considers lawsuit in artifact suicide case \|
So what religious reason is there to justify smuggling artifacts out of Iraq? Time to check in with the Hobby Lobby CEO:
Dispute over Dakota Access handling of artifacts to linger
North Dakota says no Indian artifacts found at pipeline site
#TopNews Three arrested for dealing in bootleg Native American artifacts
Fox probing claims â€˜Maze Runnerâ€™ cast took artifacts #news
Bible Museum to display artifacts from Holy Land under deal #news
#WorldNews New video shows ISIS militants smashing artifacts (CBS News)
#WorldNews ISIS destroys ancient artifacts in Mosul (CBS News)
#ISIS Releases Video Of Militants Smashing Artifacts Iraq’s Hatra Pure evil!!
#TopVideo FBI returns ancient Mayan artifacts to Guatemala
The UAE and Israeli “dealers” who helped Hobby Lobby smuggle stolen artifacts into US should be banned from doing business w US for 10 yrs.
The most ‘peaceful’ thing that Muslims do is destroying ancient artifacts! #StopIslam #BanIslam #NeverHillary
The most ‘peaceful’ thing that Muslims do is destroying ancient artifacts!
#Iraq \| US report: #ISIS destroyed fake artifacts in #Mosul and sold original pieces
Authorities recover five archeological artifacts stolen by ISIS from Palmyra Museum
#Iraq \| Artifacts confiscated in eastern #Mosul house
Looted ancient artifacts found in Midtown gallery, finally returned
Stolen artifacts from Italy found in Midtown art gallery
Hobby Lobby to surrender thousands of Iraqi artifacts, pay $3M
FBI Unit Recovers Thousands of Missing Artworks, Artifacts

excavation, looting, pillage, plunder, smuggling and their variants

Israel says Nazi camp excavations unearth link to Anne Frank
Crews excavating North Dakota land after large spill
‘@Amy_Siskind Also, as a sometime AP Art History teacher, I’m declaring this looting in the same category as Nazis looting art from Jews in WW2’
US court ruling could bring more suits over Nazi-looted art…
Archaeologists: Looters posting pics of Native American artifacts
You collect a few interesting stories when you recovered Nazi-looted art for a living.
VIDEO: Jewelry thieves loot $6 million as New Year’s Eve ball drops in New York
#breaking #LA Looting prompts closures at mining sites in Joshua Tree
New post: “Devastated by militants, 3,000-year-old city left to looters”
RT TomiLahren: The crazy far Left will use any excuse to burn, loot, topple & destroy things. Don’t get it twisted. This statue vandalism iâ€¦
In 2003, Rumsfeld noted that looting is a part of the transition to freedom
Britain starved 4 million to death in India, perpetrated countless massacres, looted trillions in property/resources all in the 20th century
Looted in Syria â€“ and sold in London
Jewish family battles Spain museum over art looted by Nazis
Court lets US family try to get back Nazi-looted masterpiece
Police Catch 175 Looters in China’s Biggest Artifact Find
Syrian antiquities chief says Turkey refuses to return looted art #world #news
#TopNews Russian fights extradition from U.S. in World War II looted art case
#TopNews Looters hit civil war battle site in Virginia, officials say
#TopNews FBI warns U.S. art dealers about antiquities looted from Syria, Iraq
A 3,000-year-old city wrecked by militants, left for looters
Devastated by militants, 3,000-year-old city left to looters
Looted #Palmyra treasures are discovered in Geneva warehouse
Syrian antiquities chief says Turkey refuses to return looted art #news
#WorldNews Ancient tablets displayed in Jerusalem fuel looting debate (Associated Press)
Dartmouth led study shows ISIS is not the only culprit in war-related looting in Syria
Al-Jaafari: Governments involved in looting antiquities in Syria should be brought to justice
How looting in #Iraq unearthed the treasures of Gilgamesh #IslamicState
Syria urges international community to work to stop looting Syrian cultural heritage
IS Looting Atiquities on Industrial Scale
Inside the #IS loot market â€” here’s how much fighters can sell their ‘war spoils’ for
#Damascus \| Ancient temples of #Maaloula destroyed and looted by #ISIS are being restored in #Syria
Looting of Samurai sword leads to charges against owner, thief
Looted ancient artifacts found in Midtown gallery, finally returned
Answering ‘cultural genocide’: Iraq’s looted treasures to be displayed at Venice Biennale
Nazi-looted painting to be auctioned as owners’ heirs fail to halt sale
Case of Venetian masterpiece looted by Nazis closed 80 years on
It took 50 years to recover these paintings looted by the Nazis. Now they’re on public display
The word “colonization” has always been too pretty a word to describe rape, pillage, plunder, brutality and murder.
Murder,rape,pillage of a native people&invasion once called genocide. Now called immigration,while forbidding natives defending themselves.
The early Europeans escaped & came here to build fences on others lands. Sound familiar #Israel. Then they pillaged+massacred the originals.
The Turks/Persians/Arabs invaded/pillaged/appropriated your lands earlier than their Euro cousin. Fight for YOU, black wo/man!! Muslim ban/li>
Muslim Terrorists Butcher Eight Hundred And Eight People, Pillage Fifty Three Villages, And Destrâ€¦ via @walidshoebat
That Time White People Burned and Pillaged a Black Community on Election Day via @VICE
Two churches adhering to Moscow Patriarchate were burned and pillaged overnight in Western Ukraine.
Striking drone footage shows what remains of #Palmyra after #IS pillage
The @HobbyLobby owner loudly supports Trump, who often speaks of plundering Iraq. Perhaps he took it as a direction.
More than 150 headstones for US veteransâ€™ graves plundered to build the floor of a carport #vandalism
#WestPapua a colonialistic policy, one of corruption, the bigger the better. Destroy & plunder land to kill a nation
Ancient Plundered City Seen as Bridge to Peace
IS Terror Group Raises Millions from Plundered Relics
A government of death is plundering our ancient Munduruku lands. Help us stop it
GUYSâ€”Hobby Lobby’s president has personally been smuggling cuneiform tablets disguised as tile â€œsamplesâ€ out of Iraq
Hobby Lobby fined $3 million over smuggled Iraqi artifacts
Christian-owned Hobby Lobby accused of hypocrisy after being fined for role in smuggling case
Hobby Lobby fined $3M for smuggling Iraq religious artifacts
Not the Onion: Hobby Lobby heads smuggled Iraqi artifacts as ’tile samples.’ Were they sponsoring ISIS, people ask
Hobby Lobby accused of hypocrisy amid smuggling case
Feds: Smuggler hid fake gemstones in underwear
So what religious reason is there to justify smuggling artifacts out of Iraq? Time to check in with the Hobby Lobby CEO:
#TopNews Canadian man gets probation for smuggling Chinese dinosaur fossils
#TopNews California auctioneer pleads guilty to $1 million ivory, rhino horn smuggling
The UAE and Israeli “dealers” who helped Hobby Lobby smuggle stolen artifacts into US should be banned from doing business w US for 10 yrs.
Auctioneer gets year in U.S. prison for ivory, rhino horn smuggling #environment
#TopNews Auctioneer gets year in U.S. prison for ivory, rhino horn smuggling
Israel Returns Smuggled Antiquities to Egypt
Smuggled piece of ancient sarcophagus returned to Greek officials
Man Convicted Of Smuggling Meth In Religious Art Headed To Prison #news
â€˜Jihadists were going to burn it allâ€™: the amazing story of Timbuktuâ€™s book smugglers

demolition and its variants

Qalandia refugee camp in Occupied Jerusalem after Israeli Occupation demolished 11 Palestinian shops and businesses this morning.
Today, Jerusalem municipality and security personnel demolished a home in East Jerusalem. 7 people, including 5 minors, were made homeless.
Calais â€˜Jungleâ€™ Camp Demolition Approved After Migrants Go On â€˜Victoryâ€™ Rampage – Breitbart
MORE: After demolition works restarted migrants reportedly set remaining structures on fire
WATCH: Struggling for human rights under the threat of demolitions
Why no one heard about the Palestinian homes Israel demolished last week
RETWEET if you think that we need to demolish EVERY SINGLE confederate monument in the US! F*ck the racist heritage!
Civil rights icon Rosa Parksâ€™ Detroit abode has officially been rebuilt in Berlin, Germany, safe from the demolition that once hounded it
RT PrisonPlanet: Slave labor built the White House. The White House must be demolished. The monuments must go. Or…. You’re all hysterâ€¦
Nearly Century-Old Chicago Church Faces Demolition #politics
Serbs protest demolitions for UAE-investment project #business
Foke The demolition begins: Workmen start ripping up squalid huts at Calais Jungle despite thousands de… #Foke
Foke Britain must ‘do its part’ to settle 1,500 migrant children left homeless by demolition of the Cal… #Foke
Islamic State demolishes Roman temple in Palmyra
RT TheNatPulse: TRUTH: Want to Demolish Racist Monuments? Start with Planned Parenthood…
Sudan Ramps Up Persecution of Christians Once Again Arresting Christians and Attempting to Demolish Churches
The demolition of the house of the prophet in Mecca???
Get ready to fight! Time to hit back at the liberals on their way to demolishing our past.
Time to hit back at the liberals who are on their way to demolishing our past! #TEXIT
Fate Of Child Migrants Uncertain A Day Before France Demolishes ‘Jungle’ Camp
German architect Joachim Reinig:To integrate migrants churches should be demolished & very visible mosques be build
Ethnic Cleansing Training- Israel built this makeshift village to train demolishing Palestinian homes & villages, so they can steal the land
The #Egyptian militaryâ€™s mass home demolitions and forced eviction of about 3,200 families in the #Sinai Peninsula
Former home of Rosa Parks to be shipped to Europe to prevent demolition.
Israeli authorities demolish home Tuesday morning of Palestinian citizens in Bir Hadaj in the Negev
.@MichelleMalkin: “They won’t be satisfied until Washington DC is renamed ‘Obama City’ & Mt. Rushmore is completely demolished.”
Army Demolishes An Under-Construction Building in Jerusalem
Israel says will seize West Bank land; demolishes EU structures #world #news
Austria plans to convert or demolish house Hitler was born in #world #news
Fate of child migrants uncertain before France demolishes Jungle camp #world #news
Demolition of France’s ‘Jungle’ migrant camp set to begin #world #news
Demolition of France’s “Jungle” migrant camp set to begin #world #news
Young Calais migrants pray in ‘Jungle’ church before demolition #world #news
French judge allows partial demolition of Calais ‘jungle’ #world #news
Israeli demolitions leave West Bank Bedouin, U.N. alarmed #world #news
With demolitions, Israel tightens squeeze on West Bank Palestinians #world #news
In West Bank, Palestinians count down to their village’s demolition #world #news
China denies demolitions at center for Tibetan Buddhist learning #world #news
Israel approves new homes in settlement after demolishing two buildings at site #world #news
Calais migrant camp demolition raises child trafficking fears, U.N. says #world #news
Demolition of #CalaisJungle camp resumes after being ravaged by fire
Israel planting the seed of hate in Palestinian Children as they watched their home being demolished today-realizing their now homeless #Lid
Israel says will seize West Bank land; demolishes EU structures #news
Young Calais migrants pray in ‘Jungle’ church before demolition #news
French judge allows partial demolition of Calais ‘jungle’ #news
Israeli demolitions leave West Bank Bedouin, U.N. alarmed #news
With demolitions, Israel tightens squeeze on West Bank Palestinians #news
In West Bank, Palestinians count down to their village’s demolition #news
China denies demolitions at center for Tibetan Buddhist learning #news
Israel approves new homes in settlement after demolishing two buildings at site #news
#TopVideo Jewish settlers, Israeli forces clash over demolitions
Palmyra Castle damaged due to ISIS deliberate acts of demolition
Israel Steps Up Demolitions in Occupied West Bank
Iraqi Province to Demolish Homes of Convicted Terrorists
Germany is submitting to terror, intend to demolish churches, replace them with mosques to integrate ‘refugees.’
Hamburg. Church is being demolished to be replaced by a mosque.
FRANCE: 2,800 Churches to be demolished, replaced by Mosques. 1868 Neo-Gothic Ã‰glise Saint-Jacques d’Abbeville
There are five statues of a communist mass murderer in America. Instead of demolishing them, liberals taking down #confederatestatues.
WATCH LIVE: Demolition of #Calais refugee camp
2017: Israel demolishes 151 Palestinian homes, almost four times last year’s average – Planned Parenthood
Islamic State in New Demolitions at Syriaâ€™s Palmyra
Indian ruling party officials to be tried over 1992 Babri mosque demolition
An East Jerusalem Palestinian planned a suicide bus attack. He didn’t commit it because he was afraid his parents home would be demolished.

museum(s)

A civil rights museum denied Donald Trump a private tour. His fans threatened to torch it. via @fusion
This is a sign at the Holocaust Museum in Washington, DC. Are you questioning it?
Mwaash Ngady #Kuba mask, DR #Congo. geometric designs, different colors, patterns and textures. Many are held in western museums.
THANKS #framily! #blackpoetry was #standingroomonly @metmuseum ! #writingprompt is coming #blackpoetsspeakout @poetshouse #BlackLivesMatter
A Trump book for sale at the National History Museum is riddled with falsehoods
Urban Rites and the Politics of Culture. Lecture by @jnyairo 30th May at #Nairobi National Museum. Also feat: Monaja & DJKarizma #culture
UK uses museum tanks, civilians to simulate â€˜Putin launching WWIIIâ€™ / ‘Russians invading Estonia’ â€“ reports
Art stolen from Frisian Museum in 2005 foun in hands of Ukraine’s top extreme right politicians. Thanks @JefHorians
#OleDammegard exposes #pedocriminal #tunnel holding #children at WVA #Droop #Mountain Museum #PizzaGate #Breaking
#NeverForget: On the anniversary of Malcolm X’s assassination.. the nation’s “African American Museum” welcomed a white supremacist.
Paris police say a soldier has opened fire outside the Louvre Museum after he was attacked by someone.
RT gqforbes4: #dtmag “Next They Came for Teddyâ€¦. Alt-Left Demands New York Museum Remove Teddy Roosevelt Statue”
JewhadiTM Remember the New Orleans lie “statues will be put into a museum”. They went into a water museum 10 miles out in the Gulf.
TheLeftIsRacist Are these statues in the ocean yet or local landfill? New Orleans statues didn’t make it to any museums.
Museums arenâ€™t safe, leftist Activists demand NY Museum take down statue of supposedly Racist Theodore Roosevelt.
I hope @PressSec takes time to visit @HolocaustMuseum. It’s a few blocks away.
He made “no apologies for being white” while running a museum of African art #CongressionalCemetery #Smithsonian
UK uses museum tanks, civilians with AK-47s to simulate â€˜#Putin launching WWIIIâ€™… Whatâ€™s next, bear cavalry?
#misspiggy to be honored with feminist award at Brooklyn Museum
CIA #Museum AotW: #Lapis Lazuli: semi-precious stone used in al-Qaâ€™idaâ€™s financial network
Corrynmb I would actually like to see them stay, but voted for museum, so they would be safe from vandals #top
Solider shoots armed attacker outside Louvre Museum in Paris
Soldier Opens Fire Outside Louvre Museum in Paris
Civil Rights Museum Rejects Donald Trump’s VIP Visit Request
Tourism secretary wants ‘mall cops’ out of Louisiana museums, newspaper reports #politics
ISLAMIC ATTACK Tunisia museum attack kills 17 tourists and 2 officers
ï¿½ï¿½ ISIS Claims Responsibility for Tunisia Museum Attack, Massacre #WIunion
Before the Museum of African American History opened its doors four black women helped bring the project to fruition
Historic circular advertising slave sale. Now in in a slave cabin museum at Boone Hall. #BlackMatters
BLM T-shirts removed from little rock museum #BlackLivesMatter
Smithsonian Museum Is Not Trying To Save Gazebo Where Tamir Rice Was Shot #TamirRice
That what terrorists do: another noose found near museum on National Mall
‘@lsarsour @tenementmuseum There should be more such events. Together we will defeat racism and bigotry in America!’
US Holocaust Museum’s “early warning signs of fascism” sign
Someone put a noose inside National Museum of African American History and Culture
Vashti Dubois didn’t see enough representation of black women in museums, so she created her own #BlackExcellence
Colin Kaepernick will have his own exhibit at the National Museum of African American History and Culture
Man accused of stealing sapphires From Cleveland Museum #blackycleveland
Police investigating major theft at #Cleveland Natural History Museum #minerals
Actor Shia LaBeouf Arrested Outside New York City Museum
Thieves broke into a German museum and stole a massive $4.5 million gold coin
Man. There are days when people yell at you for your bad tweets. But then there are days when the Auschwitz Museum does it.
& schools, libraries, Medicare, social security, museums, student loans, VA, sewers, zoos, FDA, city buses, unemployment, CDC, USDA…
‘@deray The Harvard Art Museum has this fresco underlining America’s long history police violence, and some other interesting works.’
Museum removes every piece of art created by immigrants
No One Knows How Thieves Snatched Giant 220lb Gold Coin From German Museum
The @metmuseum’s China show is beautiful, raises questions of cultural appropriation:
Justice Thomas is being silenced inside the Smithsonian’s new museum.
NYT Editorial Board Member Attacks NRA for Having Guns in Its Gun Museum via @StephenGutowski
While German FM allegedly belittles the Holocaust, US Holocaust museum condemns Chechnya for repression of gays
#news #Chicago Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum Asking VIiitors To Make New Yearâ€™s Resolutions For The Environment
French soldier shoots machete attacker outside Louvre Museum
Trump Donates $100K to 9/11 Museum #politics
Noose found at exhibit in African American history museum
Museum burglars in N.J. steal $30K in gems, leave trail of blood
‘@Crystal1Johnson EVERY Black person in the country/world needs to visit this museum. Many lies that are taught in American schools are exposed. #AMustSee’
TUNE IN: Tonight at 7pm EST, Ambassador Haley will speak at the U.S. @HolocaustMuseum about her recent trip to #SouthSudan. Watch live at/li>
WINNING! Crybaby Beta Rep. John Lewis won’t attend Civil Rights Museum opening in Mississippi because the President of the United States is going. #MAGA
By Lewis boycotting a visit from Trump to the civil rights museum wonâ€™t hurt President Trump it will hurt the museum. Get on the Trump train John!
Vashti Dubois didn’t see enough representation of black women in museums, so she created her own.
Colin Kaepernick to have exhibit at National Museum of African American History and Culture
Gazebo where #TamirRice was killed will be removed, loaned to museum
Smithsonian on Why Clarence Thomas is Not in New African American Museum: â€˜We Cannot Tell Every Storyâ€™
#Smithsonian YOU MUST ADD #JusticeClarenceThomas to New #AfricanAmericanMuseum!! There’s only been 2 #Black #SCOTUS!
Congress appoints commission for US women’s history museum #politics
‘@Jenn_Abrams was there a terrorists attack on the Art Museum after they’ve shown the exhibit?’
VIDEO: Shia LaBeouf arrested during protest outside museum in New York
Big Maple Leaf: Thieves steal coin worth $4.5 million in heist at Bode Museum in Germa…
Getty Museum evacuated due to unspecified threat
Getty Museum reopens after bogus bomb threat scare
Phone threat prompts early closure of Getty Museum
Denver Art Museum prompts American Indian outrage over plans to move sacred sculpture
#politics Trump Donates $100K to 9/11 Museum
San Francisco’s Mexican Museum clears up report about fake artifacts
San Franciscoâ€™s Mexican Museum Looks To Clarify Recent Study
Obama says Trump should visit new African-American museum
Trump Cancels Trip to Museum of African American History
Noose Found in Tree Near Smithsonian Museum
Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas ignored by National Museum of African American History
Foke Obama delivers rousing speech at opening of Smithsonian National African American museum #Foke
Foke Two Van Gogh paintings stolen in 2002 from a Dutch museum are recovered by Italian anti-Mafia police #Foke
RT Deplorable_NYC: ðŸš¨Proposed PollðŸš¨: Do you favor creating a Confederacy museum/park to preserve all facets of U.S. history? Please suppoâ€¦
Saving history: MSU museum wants Womenâ€™s March items
â€˜Kehinde Wiley: A New Republicâ€™ at Toledo Museum of Art
Massive gold coin worth millions stolen from museum
UM museum returns ancient Egyptian stele
Trump administration opposes syphilis study museum
Arab American National Museum forum on arts activism explores water #news
Guggenheim Museum invites viewers to use 18-karat gold toilet
Does the New York Times Want Catholics to Burn Museums? You Decide: via @matthewwalther
Inside the upcoming memorial and museum dedicated to lynching victims via @SmithsonianMag
Watch…@potus will cont 2 div Black from Brown by appealing to folk like “African American Museum”, while unleashing detain/deport Latinos.
Trump supporter: “How about an Irish Slave Museum.”
Museum’s Cosby references to include sex allegations \|
National Museum of the American Indian forces Native American women to remove “Water is Life” flag
#California #sanfrancisco Museum in San Francisco ‘FASHION OF ISLAM’ #SanctuaryCity #LiberalLogic #Islamisation
While Trump celebrates #CivilRightsMuseum, he’s done little to protect one of its most important legacies. The administration has done virtually nothing to advance the right to vote, a pillar of the civil rights movement documented at new Mississippi museum.
Andrea Burns on radical museum tradition behind new African American history museum @NMAAHC @AASLH @ncph
Syria museums chief condemns blast of ancient temple in Palmyra
Worldâ€™s Largest Gold Canadian Maple Leaf Stolen from German Museum
Two white 20-something men just walked past the long line at the Holocaust Museum and yelled “Six million Jews! Alright!”
Visited the African-American History Museum in DC yesterday. It was powerfully moving. Before taking office, DT should be required to go.
More than 150 years after France’s invasion of Algeria, skulls of Algerian resistance fighters still remain in vaults in France’s museums
âš¡ï¸ â€œReport: Trump book in national museum has misleading informationâ€
Justice Thomas was left out of the Black historical museum because Smithsonian doesn’t like his conservative views.
U.S. Holocaust Museum to award Angela Merkel with top honor named for Elie Wiesel via @pamelageller What!???
#BREAKING: Iraqi forces retake Mosul museum vandalized by ISIS
Civil Rights museum that denied Donald Trump a photo-op now receiving bomb threats #twibdocket
Trump Slammed for Skipping African-American Museum. Instead, He Met with MLK’s Son.
New security at museums and monuments is bad for visitors and worse for the United States
The Congressional panel that is calling for a new Smithsonian museum of women’s history, how very white 1,Latina does not make it less white
‘@HistoryHeroes there are African cultural works hidden in museums & collections due to provenance of original thief.’
#ISIS claims responsibility for the #Tunisia museum attack. Learn more: #5things
.@SagmeisterWalsh’s exclusive design to help #DefeatTrump. HERE: @AtGraphicDesign @GraphicDesignNYC @DesignMuseum
Construction is underway on our new racial justice museum in Montgomery, AL. Watch our new video on the project:
Civil rights museum says Trump photo op there would be inappropriate. Trump’s fans then threaten to burn it down.
People Threaten to Burn Down Civil Rights Museum for Denying Donald Trump Private Tour: After a civil rights …
North Carolina Museum Declines Trump’s Visit, Receives Onslaught of Death Threats
A petition calls for Clarence Thomas to be included in the African American museum:
LIVE! BTR News – Who funded the African-American Museum on the Mall and why? via @BlackTalkRadio
They vandalized a BLACK school, though. Will they also be sent to the Black history museum?
.@JonScottFNC: “2 paintings stolen from the @vangoghmuseum 14 years ago have been found in a farmhouse in Naples.” #HappeningNow
Congressman John Lewis is right to skip the opening of the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum because Donald Trump is attending.
Trump will not speak publicly at opening of Mississippi’s #CivilRightsMuseum It may have to do with the fact a white supremacist like @realDonaldTrump doesnâ€™t deserve to be anywhere near a civil rights museum. A pea-brained racist with no morals. #AMJoy
Are we really to believe that @realDonaldTrump, the guy who dog whistles to racists, re-tweets Nazi memes, and condemned black athletes for trying to raise awareness about police violence, would have supported Medgar Evers and the civil rights movement? ðŸ˜‚ #CivilRightsMuseum
#Milwaukee Art Museum acquires portrait of #PopeBenedict made of condoms Smth`s wrong with this world
‘@PrisonPlanet there were no armed soldiers at the Louvre museum when I first visited it in the 90’s.’
Donald Trump attending the opening of the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum is like David Duke attending Auschwitz. Every single person involved in the opening of the Museum should boycott Trump’s planned visit. Let him show up by himself.
Tomorrow is the opening of the National Civil Rights Museum in Mississippi, a good time to remember the Freedom Summer and those who fought for our rights. Here is a list of bombings and burnings in just two month time in 1964. This is how the Civil Rights Movement was born.
Congressman, civil rights icon John Lewis says he won’t share stage with Trump to open Mississippi civil rights museum: “I think his presence would make a mockery of everything that people tried to do to redeem the soul of America and to make this country better”
Yesterday Trump openly supported racist pedophile Roy Moore. Today he opens the #CivilRightsMuseum…
A man who calls Nazis ‘very fine people’ doesn’t deserve to be anywhere near the #CivilRightsMuseum.
The only reason for Trump to be in the #CivilRightsMuseum is if they have a display on housing discrimination in the 1970s.
Louvre museum reopens; Egypt identifies machete attacker
Tiara adorned with 367 diamonds stolen from German museum
Missouri museum boosts security after theft of Warhol prints
Actor James Woods Blasts African American Museum For Rejecting Conservative Icon!
The items stolen were meant to help fund a future veterans museum in south Shasta County, Calif.
Day 11: The Trump White House is in a public fight with the Holocaust Museum.
#top RT annvandersteel: In Final Days, #Obama Admin Pushed Several 100,000 Taxpayer Dollars to ‘Climate Change’ Museum â€¦
National Museum of African American History Segregation Exhibited Evacuated After Noose Found!â€¦
Lugansk’s Museum of History and Culture – destroyed by Ukrainian shelling, restored by #Lugansk People’s Republic.
.@POTUS at the @IsraelMuseum: This trip is focused on bringing nations around the goal of defeating the terrorism that threatens the world.
MG08 on the minaret of the Ayasofya Museum, 1941
IS destroys iconic lion statue at Syriaâ€™s Palmyra museum
#topl RT sameolnes: Here we go. You know what FUCK IT. Tear them all down. BURN ALL the history books. Close museums. PEOPLE ARE LOSâ€¦ â€¦
Milwaukee Art Museum’s embrace of condom portrait of pope draws disgust #Milwaukee
Controversial condom portrait debuts at Milwaukee Art Museum #Wisconsin
Public weighs in on condom portrait of Pope Benedict XVI at art museum #Milwaukee
“That flag belongs in a museum” – President Obama @thedavedarave @HomerWhite @spicymike86 @RichardGrenell @scmonice
Barack Obama believes the Confederate flag “belongs in a museum”, I believe the trador belongs in prison @michael_Wittke
Obama is absolutely right! That flag belongs in a museum! Represents hate. @Mouthy_Smartt @MadPCfreedom @Bslder
Should the Confederate “belong in a museum” like Obama believes? Should the flag be permanentlytemporarily removed from SC state capitol?
President Obama thinks this loaded symbol of Civil War America belongs in a museum. @crookedgop @TechnGuruTweets
When Obama said the Confederate flag belongs in a museum, he meant the Museum of Open Flames. @ivan_hernandez
As President Obama refered the flag representing the South in civil war belongs in a Museum. I sas well as the people who display it.
Trump denied use of Civil Rights Museum for photo op. Guess what happened next:
Florida Museum celebrates the loss of Hagia Sophia. In other words they celebrate white genocide carried out by Muslims in #Constantinople
#BlackLivesMatter banner at the Brooklyn museum!
Gazebo Where Tamir Rice Was Fatally Shot Headed to Chicago Museum
Ancient elk bones sent to museum after disappearing in â€˜84 #news
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Facebook and Stanford officials discuss online terrorist propaganda #business
Police: Man shoots, kills himself at Ohio State art museum: Police say a former Ohio State Un… #Cleveland #news
Suspected Cleveland museum jewel thief arrested at John Carroll University: Wage is accused of walking out of the museum on De… #crime
John Carroll University faculty member accused in Cleveland museum sapphire theft: Hans T. Wrage, 36, was arrested on Friday a… #crime
Suspect arrested in Cleveland Museum of Natural History heist: Police say more than $81,000 w… #Cleveland #news
John Carroll University employee accused in museum jewel heist pleads not guilty (video): Hans T. Wrage, 36, pleaded not guilt… #crime
North Ridgeville hit-run victim named; Lakewood Hospital vote nears; museum jewel thief arraigned: Northeast Ohio News Links: … #crime
Gems stolen from Cleveland Museum of Natural History: Detectives are investigating after several gems were stolen from the Cle… #crime
Man sought in theft of sapphires from Cleveland Museum of Natural History: University Circle police on Tuesday released a phot… #crime
Video captures ‘man-bun’ wearing jewel thief at Cleveland museum: The video shows the man leaving the Cleveland Museum of Natu… #crime
$81K worth of gemstones stolenf rom Cleveland Museum of Natural History: Police say more than… #Cleveland #news
Items missing from Cleveland Museum of Natural History, police searching for male suspect: Po… #Cleveland #news
John Carroll University employee indicted on grand theft charges in museum jewel heist: Hans T. Wrage, a part-time John Carrol… #crime
Gold lunar module stolen from Neil Armstrong museum in Ohio
Ex-mayor gets probation in Wild West museum artifacts case
Cruz says Justice Thomas should be recognized in new museum
Jewish family battles Spain museum over art looted by Nazis
Civil War museum closes after spat over Confederate flag
Museum burglars steal $30K in gems, leave trail of blood
Mr. Donate ï¿½ Donald Trump visits 9/11 museum, donates $100,000
Mr. Donate ï¿½ Donald Trump visits 9/11 museum & donates $100,000 ï¿½ï¿½
#FossilFriday ICE-rescued ancient fossil on display at Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Holocaust Museum, Washington, DC. #FuckTrump
Smithsonian’s African American History Museum Releases Statement on Charlottesville and Confederate Memorials
Louvre Knife Attack: Soldier Shoots Assailant Near Paris Museum
If you care about gun violence, meet me Thursday at the Art Museum steps
Rally Against Gun Violence Draws Many to Art Museum
We called Philadelphians touched by gun violence to the Art Museum steps. And they came.
Mobster-turned-minister gives FBI information on 1990 Boston museum heist:
#JebBush says during his tenure, #ConfederateFlag was moved from state grounds to museum; #SouthCarolina
Auschwitz museum theft: Teen boys sentenced. Definitely not kind of place where from i’d steal, if i want of course
Ukrainian Nazi, accused of stolen art handling, mocks Westfries Museum director’s plea on his official Facebook page
TREATED AS SAVAGES! NEED REPARATIONS NOW! TORTURE! INHUMANE. @BlackMosesX @blacqer @ReparationsAct @SlaveryMuseum
Buddy went to a Confederacy museum in VA. Saw this. Says a lot doesn’t it?
On the plus side, the empty Mall allows for a great view of the beautiful new African American Museum.
New Bayreuth Wagner museum confronts family Nazi ties head on #life
Cosby art wouldn’t have been shown if sex allegations known: Museum official #life
Bosnia revives landmark museum of ethnic treasures #life
Stolen Picasso masterpiece ‘La Coiffeuse’ returned to Paris museum #life
Trump shld stay at the African American Museum. They can build an exhibit around him on racist attempts to delegitimize the 1st black POTUS.
#News #US Gold nuggets stolen from Wells Fargo museum worth $10,000 (The Arizona Republic)
Italy court refuses to extradite Tunis museum attack suspect #world #news
#TopNews Alleged mobster to ask judge to toss charges linked to museum heist
Police fire on car and arrest driver at Paris army museum #world #news
#TopNews Confronting past, Mississippi town erects Emmett Till museum
Confronting past, Mississippi town erects Emmett Till museum
Tunis museum attack: Footage shows gunmen
#TopNews Warhols stolen from Missouri museum; FBI offers reward for information
#TopNews Milwaukee museum to display portrait of pope made of condoms
Auschwitz museum recovers thousands of long-lost items after 50 years #world #news
#TopNews South Carolina Senate votes to banish Confederate flag to museum
#TopNews New U.S. black history museum may help dialogue on race: official
US museum returns 10th century Khmer statue to Cambodia #news
Russian museum says Ivan the Terrible wasnâ€™t so bad after all #news
Experts give new details of IS destruction of Syrian museum #news
Polish leaders threaten fate of nearly finished WWII museum #news
Jewish war veterans bemoan stalling of Israelâ€™s WWII museum
Cleveland museum returns 10th-century statue to Cambodia #news
California museum buys disputed collection of internee art #entertainment
Polish government to take control of WWII museum #news
Bible Museum to display artifacts from Holy Land under deal #news
New video released in unsolved 1990 Boston art museum heist #news
#politics New video released in unsolved 1990 Boston art museum heist
New video released in unsolved 1990 Boston art museum heist #entertainment
New video released in unsolved 1990 Boston art museum heist #local
Museum: Specimens from lion-hunting doctor legally obtained #news
Picasso painting found in New Jersey back in Paris museum #entertainment
Ohio museum returning possibly stolen artworks to India #news
A 221-pound gold coin was stolen from a Berlin museum. It’s worth $4.5 million.
Damn. They are still going to build the Islamic museum at the Ground zero. Obama the Muslim backstabbed America.
Italy court refuses to extradite Tunis museum attack suspect #news
Police fire on car and arrest driver at Paris army museum #news
#WorldNews Rights group: Abuse at Abu Dhabi museum site despite reforms (Associated Press)
#TopVideo Iraq to track down antiquities after Islamic State museum rampage
#WorldVideo Iraq to track down antiquities after Islamic State museum rampage (Reuters)
#TopVideo Gunmen storm Tunisian museum, kill 17 foreign tourists, two Tunisians
#WorldNews Tourists slaughtered at museum (Cnet)
#WorldNews Museum attack in Tunisian capital kills 20; 2 gunmen slain (Arizona Daily Star)
#WorldVideo Gunmen storm Tunisian museum, kill 17 foreign tourists, two Tunisians (Reuters)
#WorldVideo Arrests in Tunisia, anger in Italy after museum massacre (Reuters)
#TopVideo Romanian dictator’s palace opens as museum
#TopVideo Tunisia’s Bardo museum reopens after attacks
#WorldVideo Tunisia’s Bardo museum reopens after attacks (Reuters)
#WorldNews Leading suspect in Tunisia museum attack killed (Arizona Daily Star)
#TopVideo Warhols stolen from Missouri museum
Auschwitz museum recovers thousands of long-lost items after 50 years #news
South Carolina Senate votes to banish Confederate flag to museum
Some horrid anti-choice org has opened a “Black Genocide” exhibit outside the Nat’l Museum of AA History & Culture.
Â£15,000,000 for a Margaret Thatcher museum. Â£205,000,000,000 for Trident. Poor NHS funding. Public – “Immigrants are the problem”
City leaders, Missouri Civil War Museum at odds over who owns Confederate monument in Forest Park
City, Missouri Civil War Museum at odds over who owns Confederate monument
Contributions one-sided so far for History Museum’s Ferguson collection
Contributions one-sided so far for History Museum’s Ferguson collection #politics
The Media blasted Trump for skipping African-American museum and he met with MLK’s son instead #MakeAmericaGreatAgain
Donald Trump visits African American Museum and speaks out about how terrible Antisemitism is Such a racist nazi fascist!
Creation Museum researcher sues federal government
Rare replica stolen from Neil Armstrong museum
Solid-gold replica of Apollo 11 lunar module stolen from Neil Armstrong museum
#BlackLivesMatter : Coming To A Museum Near You?
Kurds Mine IS Battlefields for Museum
Kurds Create IS ‘Museum’ With Battle Memorabilia
Russiaâ€™s Hermitage Museum ready to help restore Palmyra ruins
Restoration of Palmyra Museum starts with the participation of Syrian and Polish experts
Authorities recover five archeological artifacts stolen by ISIS from Palmyra Museum
#Raqqa \| #SDF liberates the Museum of Raqqa
Museum wants to teach Holocaust survivors and their families how to seek restitution
NYC Museum-Goers Wait 2 Hours to Squat on Gold Toilet
170-Year-Old Painting Stolen From NJ Museum
Museum was duped into buying $18M in fake jewels: lawsuit
Soldier opens fire after machete attack at Louvre Museum
Soldier guns down suspected terrorist at Louvre Museum
Father of Paris museum attack suspect says son is no terrorist
White artistâ€™s Emmett Till painting sparks protest at Whitney Museum
NYC Jewish Children’s Museum Evacuated Amid NYPD Probe
Bomb threat prompts evacuation of Jewish Childrenâ€™s Museum
Cuomo arrives at menaced museum an hour before de Blasio
Noose found hanging from tree outside Washington D.C. museum
Gold replica of lunar module swiped from Armstrong museum
The National Museum for African American History in Washington, DC is officially open. Finally, we get to tell our story #BlackLivesMatter
PLEASE! RT and share! Urgent plea by the director of Westfries Museum to rescue stolen art.
Whose portraits are mockingly offered to Westfries Museum? Mr.Bandera. An introduction.
at least the British Museum now calls what were the “Elgin Marbles” the “Parthenon Marbles”
Noose Found Inside National African American Museum
Suspicious Item Cleared at African American History Museum
Holocaust Museum Crowdfunds to Preserve Refugees’ Diaries
‘We Shall Overcome’: Reactions to Noose Placed in African American Museum
D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser speaks out after noose incidents at universities, black-history museum
Army Museum to Be Built Around Armored Vehicle From Iraq War
This â€œearly signs of fascismâ€ poster from the Holocaust museum has gone viral because it reminds people ofâ€¦ ^ThePoke
Sarah Sanders on Lewismissing the Civil Rights Museum opening: “We think itâ€™s unfortunate that these members of Congress wouldnâ€™t join the President in honoring the incredible sacrifice civil rights leaders made.” What? Does she even know who John Lewis IS?
Trump toured the National Civil Rights Museum today… a day after officially endorsing a pedophile
I wonder if Trump toured the National Civil Rights Museum in reverse order so it would have a “happy ending”.
White supremacists like Donald Trump shouldnâ€™t even be allowed to visit the Civil Rights museum! â€œNothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.” – Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
I wonder if Trump felt uncomfortable without his Tiki torch at the Civil Rights museum.
Liberals To Have â€œPeace Ballâ€ At African American Museum As Alternative To Inaugural
Tunisian suspect in Bardo Museum attack arrested in German raids
Museum removes artwork produced by immigrants as protest
Bolivia opens $7m museum honouring President Morales
Nebraska museum director tells the stories of others
SERIOUSLY?! Museum to Display â€œBody-Slammedâ€ Reporterâ€™s Glasses
National Museum of African American History Segregation Exhibited Evacuated After Noose Found!
New African American History Museum Carries on a Radical Museum Tradition via @AAIHS
Black Conservatives Need Not Apply? Those at the Smithsonian’s new African American museum who chose to ignore…

relic(s)

RT RealEagleBites: realDonaldTrump All the liberals comfort themselves tearing down historic relics, just like theâ€¦
Should Jim Crow relics be preserved? Southern states grapple with issue. #politics
Religious relic taken from San Francisco church replaced by anonymous donor
Should Jim Crow relics be preserved? Southern states grapple with issue. #news
New Orleans mayor lays out broad plan to rid city of Confederate relics
930 years of waiting: fragment of St Nicholas’s relics to arrive to Russia
Russian cosmonaut says he has taken relics of saint to space
IS Terror Group Raises Millions from Plundered Relics
Holocaust Relics Sold on Popular Gun Website
ICE On Trail of Stolen Relics

fn1: monument(s)

The African Renaissance Monument in Senegal. Made of bronze, 160 feet tall Beautiful and strong.
‘@RE_invent_ED @akacharleswade All this memory monuments are so much of art’
#abi Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #ABISS
#abi BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #ABISS
#abi Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #ABISS
#abi Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #ABISS
#acapa Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument!
#acapa BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments
#acapa Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona!
#acapa Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP
‘@AtlantaBreaking Andrew Young bucks civil rights groups, backs King monument on Stone Mountain’
#adsnn Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #adns
#adsnn BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #adns
#adsnn Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #adns
#adsnn Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #adns
#ade Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #aded
#ade BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #aded
#ade Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #aded
#ade Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #aded
RT GartrellLinda: INTOLERANT THOUGHT POLICE WHY are the liberals trying so hard to remove monuments? STOP erasing â€¦
#StoneMountainMemorial Historical Monuments Don’t Cause Violence. Obama Started a Race War Praising Terrorist Grouâ€¦
RT TheresaMechele: #StoneMountainMemorial Historical Monuments Don’t Cause Violence. Obama Started a Race War Praiâ€¦
#aleex Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #alexx
#aleex BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #alexx
realDonaldTrump We need to follow suit! Why North Carolina’s Confederate Monuments, Statues Can’t be Removed ðŸ‡ºðŸ‡¸ðŸŒ¹ðŸ‡ºðŸ‡¸
RT TheresaMechele: #StoneMountainMemorial Historical Monuments Don’t Cause Violence. Obama Started a Race War Praiâ€¦
#aleex Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #alexx
#aleex Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #alexx
Bloomfield city continues Ten Commandments monument lawsuit
Stalin Monument In Budapest
Outrageous. Trump just signed order to pave way for un-protecting these 20 national monuments A gift to industry.
New Orleans took down the first of four Confederate monuments … and some people weren’t happy about it.
‘Faces [of the figures] are made unrecognizable’: Spate of vandalism hits Christian monuments in Germany
RT Lrihendry: Removing Confederate Monuments is erasing History. That’s what Democrats want! Their involvement in slavery, Nazis, and KKK eâ€¦
FoxNews EboniKWilliams please report the peaceful protest of removal of historic monuments until #BLM #Anifta shoâ€¦
RT JxhnBinder: New Orleans started with monuments. Now they’ve moved onto street names, school names, park names,â€¦
Before the liberals try to tear down or deface this National Monument, I thought you’d like to see it. #MAGA
Before the liberals tear down or deface this national monument , I thought you might like to see it. #MAGA
RT DarLovesAmerica: Before the liberals tear down or deface this national monument , I thought you might like to sâ€¦
RT DarLovesAmerica: FoxNews EboniKWilliams please report the peaceful protest of removal of historic monuments untâ€¦
RT I_AmAmerica: If you want to get rid of a symbol of racism in America, don’t remove a Confederate monuments, tryâ€¦
RT DarLovesAmerica: Before the liberals try to tear down or deface this National Monument, I thought you’d like toâ€¦
RT USNJack: Jacksonville Fla City Council President For Moving Confederate Monuments Off City Propertyâ€¦ via weaselâ€¦
Officials seek arrest on the Monuments destruction in NC #LawsHaveConsequences #MAGAðŸ‡ºðŸ‡¸
RT kwilli1046: Condoleezza Rice on Removing Civil War Monuments: ‘Sanitizing History to Make You Feel Better Is a â€¦
RT TheMarkRomano: Most Americans do not want to erase history, destroy monuments or segregate ourselves by race. That is why the Democratsâ€¦
RT pnehlen: It was never about the monuments. It was always about shutting you up, and forcing your compliance. Antifa are fascists.
RT IngrahamAngle: Shouting â€œPig!â€ And throwing red paintâ€¦.â€Atlanta â€œprotestersâ€ deface Peace Monument in Piedmont â€¦
RT DarLovesAmerica: Made my night… best tweet ever. ðŸ˜‚ #ConfederateMonuments ðŸ‡ºðŸ‡¸
Mr POTUS This has gone far enough… can you help pass a law we get to keep our Monuments? #MAGA2020â€¦
RT LaymanGeorge: AdamOwensTV DarLovesAmerica Democrats feel comfortable destroying historic monuments, like Talibaâ€¦
RT RyanJensen2018: This is a Beautiful Carving, it MUST be Protected! #SaveOurStatues #ConfederateMonumentsMatter
RT TheLeftIsRacist: #SaveOurStatues – Four Confederate monuments are removed in Baltimore
RT The2ndguardsUS: RyanJensen2018 Civil War will be started on a Civil Monument
RT 10thAmendment: Flynn: When Do Anti-Racist Socialists Begin Vandalizing Monuments 2 Racist Socialists? -Breitbart â€¦
FoxBusiness Harlan 200,000 men died in that war, these monuments were erected in honor of those who gave their liâ€¦
Made my night… best tweet ever. ðŸ˜‚ #ConfederateMonuments ðŸ‡ºðŸ‡¸
I’m channel surfing & Facbooking & Twittering & cant find 1 anything about a Conservative roping up any monuments.â€¦
realDonaldTrump America is not beautiful with the domestic terrorist ANTIFA BLK & Hollywood tearing down 125 year old monuments #MASAðŸ‡ºðŸ‡¸
A Black Hawk Helicopter went down & we are searching for their body’s, but BLM & Antifa tearing up Monuments gets 1000% more coverage?? ðŸ™ðŸ¼ðŸ™ðŸ¼
RT foxandfriends: .newtgingrich: Tearing down Confederate monuments doesnâ€™t fix the underlying problems that trap â€¦
RT S_T_O_P_TERROR: Destroying monuments , Destroying History #ISIS is doing the same thing. Get over it. It is hâ€¦
#alexa Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #alexdr
#alexa BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #alexdr
RT UncleSamsChild: Why are the #Confederate monuments important? They are a reminder of one the bloodiest times inâ€¦
RT DoNotForget911: Soon the only monuments will be for leftists. Veteran memorials will be gone. American flag will be gone. Already happenâ€¦
RT FoxNews: Birmingham, mayor sued for covering Confederate monument
RT LizMacDonaldFOX: After Charlottesville, Cities Brace for More Rallies, Monument Removals, Vandalism – The Wall â€¦
RT davidwebbshow: Abraham Lincoln monument torched in Chicago: â€˜An absolute disgraceful actâ€™ – – washtimes
RT steph93065: Hit List: CNN Publishes Map of Confederate Monuments in U.S.
#alexa Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #alexdr
#alexa Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #alexdr
Those same MONUMENTS stood when Bill Clinton & Barack Hussein was in office….ðŸ¤¡
Here’s a suggestion… those same Monuments stood when your Father was impeached & stood tall when Barack & Trump â€¦
RT KatrinaPierson: A statue never signed my paycheck. A dead person never offered me a job. I was never a slave. A monument, however, reminâ€¦
RT Breaking911: Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway monument tarred and feathered near Gold Canyon, Arizona – KSAZ
RT DineshDSouza: The left-wing vandals who are toppling public monuments should be arrested, jailed & made to pay for the restoration of thâ€¦
RT MarkSimoneNY: Crazed Alt Left Protesters in Atlanta Vandalize â€˜Peace Monumentâ€™ After Mistaking It for Confederaâ€¦
#alis Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #lis
#alis BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #lis
#alis Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #lis
#alis Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #lis
RT DineshDSouza: This is a Chicago monument to Stephen Douglas–the Northern Democrat who protected slavery. Why iâ€¦
#alba Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #albanis
#alba BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #albanis
#alba Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #albanis
#alba Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #albanis
#amb Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #amb
#amb BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #amb
#amb Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #amb
#amb Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #amb
RT SusanStormXO: ðŸ—£Monument Removalâš–ï¸ðŸ‡ºðŸ‡¸ ðŸš§Where’s the Public NOTIFICATIONS ðŸ”” âœ”ï¸Where’s A Vote ðŸ‘ˆðŸ›¡ðŸ‘ˆðŸ›¡ðŸ‘ˆ ðŸ’£Why voice of fâ€¦
RT merrillgmccarty: Condoleezza Rice on Removing Civil War Monuments: ‘Sanitizing History to Make You Feel Better â€¦
RT EricMMatheny: The words spray painted on the column – f*ck law – speak volumes. This isn’t about monuments. Thiâ€¦
RT bethd_k: Are we going to let them tear down all monuments, including the White House and Pentagon because of idâ€¦
RT Cernovich: Protesters in Atlanta Tear Down â€˜Peace Monumentâ€™ After Mistaking It for Confederate SymboI
RT Lrihendry: It is time to tear down the IRS Service building! It is a monument to white slavery!
RT debesstrs: RT ScottPresler: Why didn’t democrats care about monuments under Obama? Oh, right. It’s a distractiâ€¦
#amberli Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #amber
#amberli BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #amber
RT chuckwoolery: So who in the world built all of these monuments to the #Confederacy in the South? Why it was the #Democrats. Trying to erâ€¦
#amberli Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #amber
#amberli Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #amber
KING OBAMA, tyrant extraordinaire, Illegally Seizes Bundy Ranch Land Area as National Monument!
Remember all the coverage of Bernie’s huge rallies! How about the “Tear Drop” monument from Russia to US for 9/11?
BLM Arming For Attack On Historic Monument, â€œStep Asideâ€ Or Be Killed #TCOT #WakeUpAmerica #MAGA #PJNET
Coming to Europe in the very near future- destruction of every cathedral and monument:
#ameliss Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #amelin
#ameliss Liberal Publication Calls for National Monument to be BLOWN UP #amelin
#amms Birmingham Mayor SUED for CAVING to Liberals and Covering Monument! #amis
#amms BOOM! Trumpâ€™s Interior Dept REFUSES to Remove Confederate Monuments #amis
RT seanhannity: #Hannity starts at 10pm with michellemalkin and the latest news from Spain plus Wikileaks and the Confederate monuments debâ€¦
#amms Look What Liberals Did to This Historic Monument in Arizona! #amis [note, in case of further processing: this is line 132535 of file 1]

fn2: metal-detecting, treasure-hunting and their variants

Metal detector hobbyist finds womanâ€™s lost wedding ring
Texas man uses metal detector, makes stunning discovery
Three men from the “Austin Metal Detecting Club” just showed up at my door asking to search my yard for pennies. ï¿½ï¿½â€â™€ï¸
EXCHANGE: Metal detectors fascinated at potential ‘finds’ #business #news
Viking hoard found by treasure hunter sheds light on England’s origins #news
US treasure hunter kept in jail until he tells police where he hid 3 tons of gold
Treasure hunters find stolen coins in Galveston

More generically, these encompass:

Treasure hunting Nazis? Secret weather base uncovered in Arctic
Quest for buried treasure ends in death for former Grapevine youth pastor
Case closed: Death of treasure hunter remains a mystery
Australian metal detector company counts cost of Chinese hacking #tech
$3B Sunken Treasure? Fight Over Wreck Off Cape Cod
39 insurance companies had sued treasure hunter Tommy Thompson, claiming they had insured the gold in 1857 (!) and it belonged to them
Relics found in Naziâ€™s Arctic Treasure Hunter station â€˜dispel false WW2 mythsâ€™ (VIDEO)
#TopNews Fugitive treasure hunter arrested in Florida
#News #US Fugitive treasure hunter wanted for fraud arrested (CBS News)
#TopNews Fugitive treasure hunter due in Florida court
#TopNews Girlfriend of former U.S. treasure hunter gets one month in jail
Poland looking into report of Nazi treasure train found #world #news
Author who hinted at loot looks for missing treasure hunter #news
Fugitive treasure hunter says in court he is very sick #news
Treasure hunter disappears searching for $2 million in gold #news
Feds: Treasure hunter eluded police with cash, tradecraft #news
Judge wants update on coins from ex-deep-sea treasure hunter #news
Israeli divers uncover trove of shipwrecked Roman treasure #news
Poland looking into report of Nazi treasure train found #news
#TopVideo Treasure hunters uncertain about fabled Nazi ‘gold train’
Treasure hunt for quirky trader’s gold goes on: The eccentric Forrest Fenn’s gold and jewels … #Cleveland #news
#Miami Fugitive treasure hunter Tommy Thompson arrested in Boca Raton #local
#Miami Fugitive treasure hunter Tommy Thompson cites ‘extreme medical situation’ #local

fn3: a niche niche, an inadequate measure or both?

It is impossible to do an adequate statistical review of overall content without more comprehensive data collection, with more extensive ranges of keywords. As noted, these keywords exclude both more generic terms, such as “theft”, and more specific terms, such as “sculpture”. Equally, it is impossible to perform such a review without study of all (re)tweets under analysis.

There is a significant possibility that a significant number of these (re)tweets relate to other activities or expressions. A few will have been counted more than once, as they include more than one keyword. A few will have been counted once when they should not have been counted at all, as the keywords are spelled the same in non-English-language content as in English-language content. So, these numbers cannot be assumed to indicate the intensity of targeting of heritage.

There are probably more incidentally-counted irrelevant (re)tweets than there are necessarily-uncounted relevant ones. ~~So, the counts probably indicate the maximum intensity of targeting of heritage. These may help to reconsider the earlier guesstimations.~~

According to Simon Willison’s Datasette, encompassing (re)tweets of significant and background content, 591 used “ancient”; 123 used “antiquarian”, “antiquarians”, “antique”, “antiques”, “antiquity” or “antiquities”; 129 used “archaeology”, “archaeological”, “archaeologist”, “archaeologists”, “archeology”, “archeological”, “archeologist” or “archeologists”; 94 used “artefact”, “artefacts”, “artifact” or “artifacts”; 1,789 used “excavate”, “excavated”, “excavates”, “excavating”, “excavation”, “excavations”, “excavator”, “excavators”, “loot”, “looted”, “looter”, “looters”, “looting”, “loots”, “pillage”, “pillaged”, “pillager”, “pillagers”, “pillages”, “pillaging”, “plunder”, “plundered”, “plunderer”, “plunderers”, “plundering”, “plunders”, “smuggle”, “smuggled”, “smuggler”, “smugglers”, “smuggles” or “smuggling”; 555 used “demolish”, “demolished”, “demolishes”, “demolishing” or “demolition”; 1,382 used “monument” or “monuments”; 1,750 used “museum” or “museums”; and 35 used “relic” or “relics”.

So, there were up to 6,448 pieces of content that used the keywords, amongst a total of 1,875,029 pieces of content. Heritage propaganda probably constitutes less than 0.3439 per cent of the total output. The intensity of the targeting does not alter the fact of the targeting. Rather, it may help to identify the intention of the targeting.

However, to put it in context, there were only 555 instances of the emblematic archaeological site of “Palmyra” in Syria; they would probably constitute less than 0.0296 per cent of the total output. There were only 2,437 instances of “Ukraine”, 439 instances of “Ukrainian”, 54 instances of “Ukrainians”, 211 instances of “Kiev” and 16 instances of “Kiev”. By that measure, there would only be up to 3,157 pieces of content on Ukraine; they would probably constitute less than 0.1684 per cent of the total output. Seemingly, this is an inadequate measure of the intensity of targeting.

[As was more reliably judged by computer security specialist Dave Aitel (@daveaitel), there is ‘surprisingly little in this dataset on Syria [and Crimea in Ukraine], a common Russian topic with other bot networks’, which suggests that there is ‘a bit of selection bias with the original account set’. In other words, any statistics would be at least unreliable, if not misleading.]

[Likewise, data journalist Peter Aldhous (@paldhous) noted that “statue” was among the ‘most common distinctive words’ that were ‘used by Right Trolls’ in the aftermath of the riots in Charlottesville and the killing of anti-racist activist Heather Heyer. “Statue” was the last to spike in use, reaching the third-highest peak of the distinctive words: Charlottesville; antifa (antifascist); statue; violence; BLM (Black Lives Matter); racist. Indeed, it appears that the overwhelming majority of the 2,457 uses of “statue” were in this period.

“Confederate” with “statues” was the third pair of words to spike in use in the aftermath and reached the third-highest peak: Trump condemns; White supremacist; Confederate statues; alt left. A significant minority of the 631 uses of “Confederate” with “statues” were in this period. (Presumably, similar trends can be observed for the 1,221 uses of “statues” and the 321 uses of “Confederate” with “statue”.)

Yet, the 3,678 uses of “statue” or “statues” would probably constitute 0.1962 per cent of the total output; the 952 uses of “Confederate” with “statue” or “Confederate” with “statues” would probably constitute 0.0508 per cent of the total output. So very niche, yet very significant, uses of heritage may only be identified when they are charted chronologically (and possibly spatially).]

conflict antiquities

Cultural Heritage and Conflicts

Categories

Follow me on Twitter

Conflict Antiquities

Norwegian Institute in Rome

Heritage Experience Initiative

Follow Blog via Email

Blogroll